IOPI Northwest

Studies of tongue strength in normal subjects, and, in some cases, patients with swallowing problems or other disease states. The listing is chronological, with newer studies first.  Normal values are provided by these studies directly, or, in the case of studies with patients, they have been abstracted from their control groups.

Most recent: Potter, N.L., and Short R. Maximal tongue strength in typically developing children and adolescents. Dysphagia. 24:391-397, 2009.

1.  Clark, HM, O'Brien, K, Calleja, A, and Corrie, SN. Effects of directional exercise on lingual strength. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res., 52:1034-1047, 2009.

2.  Youman, SR, Youmans, GL, and Stierwalt, JAG. Differences in tongue strength across age and gender: Is there a diminished strength reserve? Dysphagia, 24:57-65, 2009.

3. Utanohara,Y., Hayashi, R., Yoshikawa, M., Yoshida, M. Tsuga, K., and Akagawa, Y. Standard values of maximum tongue pressure taken using newly developed disposable tongue pressure measurement device. Dysphagia, 23: 286-290, 2008. Technical details concerning their tongue bulb explain why their normal values were somewhat lower than those seen with the IOPI.

4. Yeates, EM, Molfenter, SM, and Steele, CM. Improvements in tongue strength and pressure-generation precision following a tongue-pressure training protocol in older individuals with dysphagia: Three case reports. Clin. Intervention in Aging, 3:735-747, 2008.

5.  Solomon, NP, Clark, HM, Makashay, MJ, and Newman, LA. Assessment of orofacial strength in patients with dysarthria. J. Med. Speech-Lang. Path., 16, 251-258, 2008.

6.  Robbins, J; Kays, SA; Gangnon, RE; Hind, JA; Hewitt, AL; Gentry, LR, and Taylor, AJ. The effects of lingual exercise in stroked patients with dysphagia. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 88: 150-158, 2007.

7.  Stierwalt, JAG, and Youmans, SR. Tongue measures in individuals with normal and impaired swallowing. Amer. J. Speech-Lang. Path., 16: 148-156, 2007.

8.  Youmans, SR, and Stierwalt, JAG. Measures of tongue function related to swallowing. Dysphagia, 21: 102-111, 2006.

9.  Neel, AT; Palmer, PM; Sprouls, G, and Morrison, L. Tongue strength and speech intelligibility in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. J. Med. Speech-Lang. Path., 14: 273-277, 2006.

10.  Robbins, J; Gangnon, RE; Theis, SM; Kays, SA; Hewitt, AL, and Hind, JA. The effects of lingual exercise on swallowing in older adults. J. Amer. Geriatr. Soc., 53: 1483-1489, 2005.

11.   Solomon, NP, and Munson, B. The effect of jaw position on measures of tongue strength and endurance. J. Speech Lang. Hearing Res., 47: 584-594, 2004.

12.  Lazarus, C; Logemann, JA; Huang, C-F, and Rademaker, AW. Effects of two types of tongue strengthening exercises in young normals. Folia Phoniatr. Logop., 55: 199-205, 2003.

13.  Clark, HM; Henson, PA; Barber, WD; Stierwalt, JA, and Sherrill, M. Relationships among subjective and objective measures of tongue strength and oral phase swallowing impairments. Amer. J. Speech Lang. Path., 12:40-50, 2003.

14.  Nicosia, MA; Hind, JA; Roecker, EB; Carnes, M; Doyle, J; Dengel, GA, and Robbins, J. Age effects on the temporal evolution of isometric and swallowing pressure. J. Geront. Med. Sci., 55A: M634-M640, 2000.

15.  Lazarus, CL; Logemann, JA; Pauloski, BR; Rademaker, AW; Larson, CR; Mittal, BB, and Pierce, M. Swallowing and tongue function following treatment for oral and oropharyngeal cancer. J. Speech Lang. Hearing Res., 43:1011-1023, 2000.

16.  Crow, HC, and Ship, JA. Tongue strength and endurance in different aged individuals. J. Geront. Med. Sci., 51A: M247-M250, 1996.

17.  Theodoros, DG; Murdoch, BE, and Stokes, P. A physiological analysis of articulatory dysfunction in dysarthric speakers following severe closed-head injury. Brain Injury, 9:237-254, 1995.

18.  Solomon, NP; Lorell, DM; Robin, DA; Rodnitzky, RL, and Luschei, ES. Tongue strength and endurance in mild to moderate Parkinson's Disease. J. Med. Speech Path., 3:15-26, 1995.

19.  Robbins, J; Levine, R; Wood, J; Roecker, EB, and Luschei, E. Age effects on lingual pressure generation as a risk factor for dysphagia. J. Geront. Med. Sci., 50: M257-M262, 1995.

20.  Murdoch, BE; Attard, MD; Ozanne, AE, and Stokes, PD. Impaired tongue strength and endurance in developmental verbal dypraxia: a physiological analysis. Eur. J. Disord. Comm., 30:51-64, 1995.

21.  Robin, DA; Goel, A; Somodi, LB, and Luschei, ES. Tongue strength and endurance: relation to highly skilled movements. J. Speech Hearing Res., 35:1239-1245, 1992.

22.  Robin, DA, and Luschei, ES. Normal values for strength and endurance of the tongue and hand. University of Iowa Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Unpublished. (results summarized in Normal Values)

23.  Dworkin, JF. Tongue force in normals and in dysarthric patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J. Speech Hearing Res., 23:828-837, 1980.

24.  Kydd, WL. Maximum forces exerted on the dentition by the perioral and lingual musculature. J. Amer. Dent. Assoc., 55:646-651, 1957.

Additional references Related to tongue strength and exercise

1.  Palmer, PM; Jaffe, DM; McCulloch, TM; Finnegan, EM; Van Daele, DJ, and Luschei, ES. Quantitative contributions of the muscles of the tongue, floor-of-mouth, jaw and velum to tongue-to-palate pressure generation. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res., 51:828-835, 2008.

2.  Hori, K; Ono, T, and Nokubi, T. Coordination of tongue pressure and jaw movement in mastication. J. Dent. Res., 85: 187-191, 2006.

3.  Hind, JA; Nicosia, MA; Gangnon, R, and Robbins, J. The effects of intraoral pressure sensors on normal young and old swallowing patterns. Dysphagia, 20: 249-253, 2005.

4.  Hori, K; Ono, T; Hisayuki, I; Nobuki, T, and Kumakura, I. Tongue pressure against the hard palate during swallowing in post-stroke patients. Gerodontology, 22: 227-233, 2005.

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